Global Warming Position Paper Research Paper Example

Global Warming Position Paper Research Paper Example Global Warming Position Paper Paper Global Warming Position Paper Paper Essay Topic: Global Warming Studies do indeed show that our planet is getting warmer, but is this due to global warming entirely? Our great scientists in our country have been acquiring data for many years now, but the vote that global warming is a major epidemic is not unanimous. In fact many scientists argue strongly against the idea, and provide their own logical explanations on why our world is warming. With the two different sides of this growing proposed problem in our society today, how is one common citizen supposed to choose what they believe? No matter the amount of information provided, or how serious the matter will be, humans by general understanding will create and form their own opinions based upon what they want and choose to believe. Global warming is attempted to be solved and thoroughly figured out by hundreds of different scientists all over the world. These men and women are entrusted with providing the population with solid facts to show whether or not the world is warming at an alarming rate or if it is not. The most common answer heard over our nation, would be that global warming does indeed exist due to us humans, and the constant gases we emit into our atmosphere. : Between factories, pollution, cars, etc. This is something that would be easily rover to be true whether in a science lab or by an everyday person. These gases are said to have a deteriorating effect on our atmosphere, allowing heat to be trapped, and not released when the sun is no longer present. This is also referred to as the greenhouse effect. For a green house lets light in when it is Sunday with its transparent roof and sides, it traps the warmth that was given from the sun inside so the proper plants and so on could grow and mature properly. While the greenhouse effect, is speculated between different experts, it is believed to contribute a slight rise in temperature. Although the rise is not substantial, it does raise concern for our future generations on the earth. Going against the global warming idea is not as popular as going with the idea. In fact, popularity is what gives global warming a key right into our population, and enforces the idea to be a serious issue. After AY Gore came out with his movie, An Inconvenient Truth, an uproar started for Gore was recently is the election race for president. When the public sees a popular face on television, and hears and sees them all over the media, one can only expect to agree with what is in concern. For it is not their job to question or a sensible thing to do when they are not a global warming expert, quite honestly, research has shown that no one can really dub themselves as a Global Warming Expert. Current research has shown one idea that does help falsify the idea of manmade global warming. As stated before, the greenhouse effect explains the trapped gases that we emit into our atmosphere. Now one of these gases is Carbon Dioxide, or in shorter terms ICC. It has been said by Global Warming activists claim that carbon levels in our atmosphere contribute to the heating up of our planet. Right now in America, our Carbon Dioxide levels are at an all time high. This is due mostly to the burning of fossil fuels, coal being the largest. Now its simple to understand that if Carbon levels are high, temperature will also be high then. This information does not match up throughout history. After thorough research, it is shown that the carbon levels on our earth did not go on the rise until after the temperature Was on an increase. Meanings that the relationship between the two would not be significant or at least not as much as some claim them to be. Another supporting fact of this idea is the Medieval Warm Period. This period of time was hundreds of years ago, where the temperature was recorded to be one of the highest on record. Now during this time the average temperature measured more than three degrees higher than it is today. But going back to the Carbon Dioxide idea, how is this possible. Obviously hundreds of years ago, factories did not exist, fossil fuels were not being burned, and the population level was not even close to what it is now. So the carbon levels were almost nonexistent, so this poses the question of why was there a major rise in temperature. Another era which did not match the idea was during the early sasss it began. During this time, large ICC emissions began because of massive industrialization and a large amount of factories. The ICC levels were sky rocketing and set record heights. Although, temperatures were on the decline. The temperature was on the steady decline for almost four decades after that. Obviously the Carbon level affecting the temperature idea is a little off or not fully proven. Another idea that is not publicized as much as personally believe it should be is the idea of constant climate changing throughout the earths existence. It is understandable to say that this is a very vague and bold statement to make, but when looked more in to depth, it makes sense. Scientists have proven that we have had multiple ice gags, occur on our earth throughout time. There is no proven, definitive reason on why this happened. So my question is, if the earth can reach temperatures that are frigid enough to lay sheets Of ice over the majority Of the earth, the temperature must have warmed up somehow for the ice to melt and reach the climate we have today. But if there were no population, no factories, barely if any Carbon Dioxide levels, how did this happen? The idea of constant clime change needs to be taken more in to favor. Blaming the population on our climate change could be a wrong statement, climate change could be very natural, and we could possibly see a decrease in temperature in the near future that would stun the world, but anything is possible. While respect the scientists who research and strive to make our world a safer place, I respectfully disagree with the idea of global warming. Not in all its entirety, just for the fact that many believe that is all due to the cause of man. I believe in the natural cause of climate change, and believe the world is hanging little by little every single day. There is so much history of our planet that we dont know, and probably never will now about. The lack of definite facts also makes me question. If a climate change occurred plenty of times throughout history, why is the most modern one causing an uproar? The global warming epidemic caused a huge amount of concern and has created many companies, foundations, etc. To try to collect profit to support global warming research and studies. Thus, one could argue that global warming could be money making hoax, an inflated problem brought to the public to et money out of our pockets. But that is also just a theory that cannot be proven. Over time more questions will be answered, and our advancement of technology will provide more answers that will help these debatable topics. Do not mean to offend those who do believe in global warming, and I myself am not even sure what I truly believe, but what I do believe is that each person is entitled to their own opinion, and owe it to themselves to take the time to actually research global warming and decide what it is that they believe, instead of going along with the general population.

How to write a winning business plan - Emphasis

How to write a winning business plan How to write a winning business plan Whether youre setting up a new business venture or trying to get the go-ahead for a project, theres one essential document you need. Rob Ashton, Chief Executive of Emphasis, gives a step-by-step guide to writing a good business plan. Why you need one Theres a memorable conversation in Lewis Carrolls novel Alice in Wonderland, where Alice asks the Cheshire cat for directions. She says it doesnt matter where she gets to, as long as she gets somewhere. This leads the cat to reply: Then it doesnt matter which way you go. If you dont have a crystal-clear vision of where you want your business to go, youll be as confused as Alice when you hit a crossroads. Your business plan is your route to growth and success. But in order to write it, you need to know what you really want to achieve. This means youll have to spend time examining the strengths and weaknesses of your business, a process that has numerous pay-offs in itself. Researching your own company helps you to take a critical look at what you have to offer and who your competitors are. This enables you to better navigate the industry minefields and gives you a benchmark against which to measure success. Many people think of business plans as a necessary evil, written only to gain external funding. Instead, look at yours as an essential planning tool, whatever your financial situation. Remember, if you dont plan where to go, youre inadvertently planning on going nowhere. Crafting your business plan Heres a seven-step guide to writing your business plan. Work through each section and youll have an ordered, content-rich document that gets you where you want to go. Step one Description of the business After the executive summary (see step seven), the first thing youll need to do is describe your business. Get started by asking the following questions: What do I sell or offer? Why? To whom do I sell? What is the history of the business? What is my vision for the future? What is different about the services I offer? What is the legal structure of the company? Think about your audience carefully before you write the description. Ask yourself what words and phrases they will understand and be careful not to include too much jargon. Step two Market research Think about your industry and what you think the future trends will be. Then analyse your competition. Determine what size of the market they hold and then clearly define where you fit into the mix. Step three Marketing and sales strategy Ask yourself why companies buy what you offer, and how you sell it. Think about how you are going to reach the organisations that need your services and what pricing plans youll offer. Whether youre an in-house department, specialist contractor or a large multi-service company, therell be a variety of ways to reach prospective clients. Step four Management and personnel team Many facilities management companies claim that people are their best asset. Think carefully about your management team and outline the background, experience and qualifications of each individual. The people on your team will often make or break your success. Fully evaluate their credentials and look out for any skill gaps that could be improved with training. Step five Operations Analyse the location of your business, in terms of advantages and disadvantages. Your own premises, production facilities and IT systems must be excellent. Make sure you address any weaknesses in your plan with recommendations for improvement. Step six Financial forecast This section requires you to translate the contents of your plan into numbers. Include cash flow statements, profit and loss forecasts and a sales forecast. Dont forget that if youre looking for funding, you need to spell out how much you need and how youll repay the loan. Step seven The executive summary Leave this until last, even though it goes right at the beginning. Once youve followed all the other steps, youre in a position to write this stand-alone document, which outlines the key points in your entire plan. Keep it to a maximum of two pages. Remember, some people will only read this section so make it shine. Tip: rather than trying to distil the full document down, follow your original document plan. Just write less in each section this time (a couple of sentences or a paragraph, rather than several pages). Finally, the ink may be dry but your business is constantly changing. Your business plan is a dynamic document, so youll need to update it regularly.

Cooperative Marketing of Global gadgets imports Research Paper

Cooperative Marketing of Global gadgets imports - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the definition of cooperative marketing as an advertising and promotional program whereby manufacturers or a distributor supports the marketing efforts of both businesses. It can also be used by multiple businesses looking to pool their resources to avoid being overburdened with costs for advertising and promotion. In addition, it is collaborative effort of two or more companies that come and work together in advertising and promotional efforts in order to reach a common goal. Cooperative marketing is ideal for Global gadgets imports. There are great values that come along with cooperative marketing. One of the great values that come along cooperative advertisement is that the cost of advertising will be greatly reduced. This happens when the partnering businesses come together and contribute towards the advertising and promotion of the product. This only happens when the businesses have the same interest. The cost will be cheaper in the end and in the s hort run for both businesses and the individual offices. The other great value that the businesses will derive is the benefit from a larger discount commonly known as trade discount. Another value of cooperative advertising is that the businesses will benefit from the risks involved. This will happen when businesses pool the risks and share them. This can happen when the distributing company tries to explain to its retailors the cause of a particular hitch resulting from the manufacturer. (West, 2008). There are a number of challenges that global gadgets imports needs to address when approaching a cooperative marketing situation. Cooperative marketing has guidelines that both companies must have similar targets. They should therefore, have same ideas, promotions, and cash in order to partner. The marketing intention should serve both companies accurately and effectively, since both brands wants to be conducting this effort. The element of trust is very essential in cooperative marke ting and has to be taken into consideration. Therefore, information sharing must be respected. Global gadgets imports should engage in cooperative marketing in various ways. One of these methods is through distribution. A retailor company can engage in cooperative marketing when the business being carried out involves the distribution to other retailors or distributors. In this way, Global gadgets imports will be involved and will gain greater geographical outreach to the various customers in the world. It will also help in creating awareness of these products in the market. The other way that Global gadgets imports can engage in cooperative marketing is through imaging. This helps to create awareness through consumer learning, overall product information, or focus on the product industry. This method also helps in establishing a positive outline of the goods of both companies in the minds of consumers and other related companies. This also helps to eliminate the negative media, joi ntly promotes the businesses products and may give lessons on the sternness of several problems that may be caused by occurrence impurity or product glitches (William, 2007). Differently, Global gadgets imports can engage in cooperative marketing through packaging. This is done through product packaging of the individual business products for product consistency. This helps in giving out a cohesive look and increase market influence. The packaging strategy can be done by implementing a standard base packaging for the partnership businesses products. Such kind of packaging should help eliminate transportation damage that occurs and establish a freshness look of the products. However, the packaging should be different from the parents company to help eliminate risks such as product substitution. In addition, Global Gadgets Imports should create a marketing team that tries to understand how their target market lives and understand their lifestyle. In carrying out this strategy, Global Gadgets Imports does necessarily have to promote a specific product, but the label acknowledgment should be

Book Report on The Immortal Life of Henretta Lacks Essay

Book Report on The Immortal Life of Henretta Lacks - Essay Example The cells that belong to Henrietta Lacks are known by the code name HeLa. When Henrietta died in 1951 because of the cervix cancer, cells from her cancerous tumor were cultured by George Otto Gey and create immortal cell line for medical research. HeLa were the first human cells vigorous enough to survive outside the human body, have been productive enough, increased and multiply in test tubes long after her death. Henrietta’s family had no idea that the said cells were used according to this purpose until during the year 1970’s where the medical companies merchandised the cells for profit purposes. Rebecca Skloot describes the HeLa cells as undergoing mitosis which defines in the normal cells as dividing into two. Currently, there are over 50 metric tons of the said cells that are still booming, and flourishing. This New York Times best sellers takes the readers to an extra ordinary journey from the John Hopkins Hospital in the 1950’s to winning several awards i ncluding 2010 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize for non fiction, 2010 Wellcome Trust Book Prize, 2011 Audie award, and has been featured on over 60 critics’ best of the year list. ... The Primary Characters of the Book Henrietta Lacks is the main characters of the book. The book tells her story from her being a tobacco farmer down to the bed of the hospital of John Hopkins, from her death to the immortality of her cancer cells. One of the main characters to be considered in the book is the family of Henrietta, they could hardly understand why despite the death of their loved ones, Henrietta’s cells still exists and live. However, the love for the family remains strong and the search for justice and to unravel the truth continues. Implications of the Ethical Leadership and Cultural Competence During the time wherein Henrietta Lacks hospitalized at John Hopkins hospital, there is no Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to govern and approve their research protocols during that time. Even the people who are discriminated and belong to the black race are illiterate about the procedures in relations to the rights of the patient while in the premise of the hospital . Giving the comparison in the evolution of the biomedical evolution during the 1940’s-1970’s between the dilemmas that facing us today, during the time of the HeLa cell dissemination, informed consent was the main point of debate, whereas at the present, two core elements of ethics in biomedical research: privacy and managing conflicts of interest. Recently, the HIPAA privacy rule was enacted. It is a security standards and safeguards for the use of electronic health care information as well as the creation of the privacy standards for protected health information. However, the rules claim equality among all members of the community regardless of the race. How Various Aspect of the Seven Revolution Woven into the Book In the

The change of resistance of a metal Essay Example for Free

The change of resistance of a metal Essay The power I supply to the circuit will be very important. There must be enough current to measure but not too much which would cause the wire to generate a significant amount of heat, which would affect the result. The current must also remain fairly constant throughout the experiment so any affect it has on the resistance has the same effect on the result. A battery has a relatively low current but in a closed circuit it will drain very fast so it would not be suitable. A power pack would overcome this problem but I will have to keep the output very low. From this equation, Heat Energy = V2t/R it can be seen that p.d, time and resistance determine the amount of heat given out by the wire and thus its effect on resistance. Due to this I want to keep the p. d and time as low as possible and the resistance a value that is not too small. There are also several other problems I will have to overcome if I want to make the experiment as reliable as possible. If I use tap water in my experiment there will be a possible current running through the water due to the slight impurities in the form of ions within the water. This could cause inaccuracies in my results. To overcome this I have decided to use distilled water so my results are as reliable as possible. Another problem I may have is the event of parts of the wire touching in the water, especially if I have a fairly compact coil. To overcome this I have decided to use varnished wire that will guard the wire against unintended conducting. A final consideration is the period of time to supply the current to the wire, if the time is too great then it will cause the wire to considerably heat up which will effect my result, thus I have decided to keep the current running for a minimal amount of time but enough so that the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter are settled and constant. After a preliminary experiment I found I could comfortably fit 5m of varnished, coiled wire in a beaker. I also found that the thinnest available wire I could use was 0. 021 cm in diameter. In conclusion I have decided to use a varnished copper wire of length 5m, with a diameter of about 0. 021cm, which was the smallest available. This should give adequate resistance to measure. I have also decided to use a power pack on a low output setting. Basic Theory The theory of resistance can be very complex to calculate on a molecular scale and it is mainly done by observation. However I can explain in simple terms the theory of how temperature changes the resistance of a material. Electrons colliding with impurities within the vibrating lattice arrangement of metals cause resistance. The energy lost is given out in the form of heat. See diagram bellow. The amount of collisions is dependant on the amount the atoms in the lattice are vibrating. The faster the atoms vibrate the higher the probability of a collision. The temperature of the metal is what affects the vibrating atoms. More heat energy means the atoms vibrate more thus creating higher resistance. Prediction Due to the theory above I predict that the resistance will increase as the temperature of the water rises. From the formulas mentioned earlier and the information from the table I obtained from the Internet, I can predict more accurately what my results may look like. Temperature Resistivity of Copper at 20 Temperature coefficient Resistivity at Temperature Length of Wire Area Expected resistance (Degrees C) Degrees C (ohm m) ? (Ohm m) (m) (Cm2) (Ohms) Plan. I am going to use a beaker of distilled water to vary the temperature of a length of wire, knowing that resistance varies with temperature. To measure the resistance I am going to pass a current through the wire and take readings of the current and potential difference across the wire, which will allow me to calculate the resistance. To do this I will assemble my circuit so the wire is connected to a power pack, I will put a voltmeter in parallel with the wire and the ammeter in series. I will hold the wire in the water my making an MDF support as shown in the diagram with two crocodile clips. I will then heat the water to different temperatures using a Bunsen burner and take a reading every 10? C from 20 to 100? C. I will then turn the power pack on for a period of about 5 seconds to take readings from the ammeter and voltmeter. I will take every reading three times to ensure of no discrepancies between results. I will then average the results. I have decided to use a varnished copper wire of length 5m and diameter 0. 21mm made into a coil. This will give suitable resistance and will change sufficiently to measure the temperature of water. Apparatus needed: MDF piece 5 meters 0. 21mm wire 2 crocodile clips Connecting wires Voltmeter Ammeter Large beaker Bunsen burner, tripod, gauze, mat Power pack Distilled water Thermometer Safety During my experiment I must consider the following:   Caution when using the power pack alongside water   Caution when using boiling water   Use of appropriate equipment when moving boiling water Results Trial 1 Temperature i C Potential Difference (V) Current (A) Resistance (ohms) Trial 2 Temperature i C Potential Difference (V) Current (A) Resistance (ohms) Trial 3 Temperature i C Potential Difference (V) Current (A) Resistance (ohms). Average resistance results Temperature i C Resistance (ohms)   Analysis From the graph you can see that there is positive correlation between temperature and resistance and in this set of results it appears to be linear. There are anonymous results at 60? C and at 100? C. This could have been caused by several things, which I will mention later. My graph also satisfies my hypothesis that as the temperature rises; the resistance of the wire increases also. Firstly I would like to compare my theoretical results with my actual results to see the discrepancies between them and if they are at all related. From the graph you can see that the two sets of data are similar. My actual results are in general slightly higher than the predicted ones. Contact resistance between the crocodile clips and the copper wire could have caused this, especially since the wire was varnished and it was difficult to remove all of the coating. The wire may also have been stretched slightly when I was coiling it, leading to thinner areas of wire, which would have increased the resistance. There may also have been kinks in the wire that would have affected the results. I heated the water to the different temperatures after which I removed the heat. During the time between when I removed the heat and when I took the reading it is possible that the water cooled slightly thus giving lower resistance. Another big influence would have been the heating of the wire by the energy given out by its resistance; this would have created higher resistance. Finally the varnish on the wire may have been inconsistent leading to parts touching in the water thus making the circuit shorter and lowering the resistance. The anonymous result at 60? C could have been made by a general loose connection when I took that reading, caused by the experiment being knocked, as it was consistent through my three sets of readings. A more likely explanation is that two parts of the varnished wire were touching where there may have been a scratch leading to a shorter circuit and thus reducing the resistance. When I took my reading at 100? C I had to keep the Bunsen burner underneath to keep it at this temperature. This could have heated up the wire more than the water did, thus causing a greater resistance as shown in the graph. Evaluation My experiment was successful as I managed to construct and use a system to take measurements. The results were reasonably accurate and allowed me to confirm my prediction. I was pleased that my results were strongly correlated. There are several things I could have done to improve my experiment:   Use of more accurate multimeters would have increased the accuracy. I could have used data logging equipment with a thermometer connected to a computer to monitor my results more carefully and accurately   I could have done the entire experiment several times and taken different readings each time, instead of taking all three readings immediately after one another I could have used different lengths and thickness of wires to further prove my hypothesis   I could have tried a greater range of temperatures of water by raising its boiling point by adding a salt or similar, I could also have lowered the temperature using ice and a salt. I could have also used a lower current or put in a resistor before the wire to reduce the heating effect   I could have used solder connections and thicker wires to reduce any error in faulty connections If I were to repeat the experiment I would consider the above and in general take more readings to remove any anonymous results. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

What attitudes to love and marriage does Jane Austen explore in Pride :: Free Essay Writer

What attitudes to love and marriage does Jane Austen explore in Pride and Prejudice? Can you identify Jane Austen’s own view? Jane Austen’s novel of Pride and Prejudice is set in the early 19th century and the central theme of the novel is love and marriage. Marriage was viewed very differently in those days and each character in her novel has different views of marriage. Marriage to women gave status and independence as women could not acquire money on their own without inheriting or marrying into good fortune, so many girls at that time did not marry for affection or love. Jane Austen uses the Bennet family to illustrate different types of marriage and thus reveals her own view. An example of marriage can be found between Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins. Charlotte married for economic reasons and Mr Collin on the other hand married to â€Å"set a good example†. Mr Collins is the Bennets’ cousin who’s â€Å"neither sensible nor agreeable†. The letter he wrote to the Bennet family â€Å"is a mixture of servility and self-importance†. He married mainly because Lady Catherine de Bourgh advised him to do so. This shows the importance of class as Mr Collins spends most of his time being obsequious to his upper-class patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. His choice of wife changed early from Jane to Elizabeth and then to Charlotte after Elizabeth’s rejection in just a few days. When he found out that Jane might be engaged to Bingley soon, he hardly needed time to consider at all â€Å"to change from Jane to Elizabeth while Mrs Bennet was stirring the fire†; this shows clearly that he did not choose his partner for love. The five reasons Mr Collins gave for proposing to Elizabeth was firstly, he thinks it’s the right thing to do as a clergyman to â€Å"set the example of matrimony†, secondly he thinks that it will provide happiness for him, thirdly it was advised by Lady Catherine De Bourgh, fourthly because he is inheriting the Bennets’ house, he thought it would be a very gallant thing for him to do to marry one of his cousins so the Bennets will lose as little as possible, and lastly and the least important reason is he said that he likes Elizabeth and thinks her suitable. This shows how little affection he has for her, and the way he lays out his reasons shows how formal and dull he is, and all he is doing is trying to please Lady Catherine by doing as she advised. Charlotte who is Elizabeth’s closest friend married Mr. Collins despite how little she loved him, just to gain financial security and

American Legal and Constitutional History

As residents or citizens of the United States of America, we enjoy certain rights that many people across the world do not have. One of those rights is freedom of speech, which is guaranteed to all of us through the United States Constitution. However, in some instances, our freedom of speech rights can be limited. One of those circumstances involves freedom of political expression. At this point, one would have to ask; how can a democratic country, which, like all other democratic countries, is based on freedom of speech, limit the same under certain conditions?In order to understand why and how this can happen, we will first examine the concept of citizenship and the Constitution of the United States as it relates to freedom of political speech. In addition to that, we will analyze how freedom of speech as it relates to politics can affect security and what affects current legislation has on freedom of speech. Based on the above-mentioned research, I intend to prove that compromisi ng freedom of political expression is a violation of the United States Constitution and as such cannot be allowed.Furthermore, I will argue that passing legislature such as the US Patriot Act can be very dangerous as it provides government with the power to violate our freedom of speech rights. Citizenship In the first part of the paper, we will examine and summarize the concept of citizenship. This is a very extensive process that is defined as â€Å"the process by which some people are included and others are excluded as members of the community† (Walker, 2002). In our country, everybody living here, regardless if citizen or not, enjoys the same protections from the law.The concept of citizenship is important because it associates us with our nation and with the law of the land. â€Å"Essentially, rights granted to citizens are typically represented by a continuum; however, the mere existence of citizenship does not necessarily equate to equivalent representation across th e board, often with glaring inconsistencies across similar geographic locations or historic periods, of which history is rife with examples. † (Gans 2005). So why is citizenship so important? Citizenship is important because it gives everybody the constitutional rights.Nobody can take them away from a United States citizen, regardless of his political views or statements. As United States citizens, we are entitled to a set of rights, which is unique in the world. The United States Constitution entitles us to those rights and guarantees that we can enjoy them. The United States Constitution is the set of documents that embody the principles on which the United States is governed. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and no other law, at any level of government, can be established without considering the rules and rights as set forth in that document.The part that is especially important to American as it relates directly to their rights is the part of the Constitutio n that is known as the Bill of Rights. The first ten amendments of the United States constitution are more commonly referred to as the â€Å"Bill of Rights,† because they define specific rights that are granted to all United States citizens by the Constitution of the United States. â€Å"The Bill of Rights is modeled on many other similar documents, all of which owe their inception to the Magna Carta, the bill of rights written in England in 1215 CE.The Bill of Rights is considered to be an important part of the Constitution, and is also an integral part of popular culture; most Americans, for example, know what someone means when he or she â€Å"pleads the fifth,† a reference to the Fifth Amendment, which protects people from self recrimination. † (Smith 2003) The part of the Bill of Rights that is of concern to this paper is its First Amendment. According to the First Amendment there are actually several rights guaranteed to all citizens equally. Many people r emember two of them, the right to free speech, and the right to a free press.There are very few exceptions to free speech and fee press. Writing or speaking words that could be constituted as a threat to the American people or seriously threatening the life of someone can definitely lead to a civil law suit or even criminal prosecution. The right to free speech and free press fully includes any political expressions, regardless of what nature. So, if these rights are guaranteed to us, why do some people have concerns about political expression? Political Expression and limitations In wake of the 9/11 attack on United States a very controversial piece of legislation called â€Å"The USA Patriot Act† has been passed.The problem with this legislation lies in its definition of terrorism or terrorist activities. â€Å"The USA PATRIOT Act section 802 defines domestic terrorism so broadly that it could apply to an individual exercising his or her freedom of speech, expression, and assembly through acts of civil disobedience. The Department of Justice has not revealed how it is using section 802†¦ Moreover, Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act permits the FBI to seek records from bookstores and libraries of books that a person has purchased or read, or of his or her activities on a library's computer.This change puts people at risk for exercising their free speech rights to read, recommend, or discuss a book, to write an email, or to participate in a chat room, and thus could have the effect of chilling constitutionally protected speech. It also denies booksellers and library personnel the free speech right to inform anyone, including an attorney that the FBI has asked for someone's reading list. † (BORDC, 2008) Since then the BORDC has documented several cases where individual rights to free speech have been violated as a direct result of this legislature.Many of these violations have been triggered by political activity. For example â€Å"In June 2 004, Buffalo, New York, artist Steve Kurtz was detained by law enforcement and had his home searched by FBI agents. Despite finding only harmless substances, which Kurtz uses in his politically motivated art projects, the FBI proceeded with a Grand Jury hearing to decide whether to indict Kurtz under the USA PATRIOT Act’s biological agents provision. On June 29th, Kurtz’s bio-terrorism related charges (USA PATRIOT Act section 817) were dropped. † (BORDC, 2003)The above mentioned instance, along with similar mistakes have led many people to believe that our rights to free speech, including and especially the right to political expression, have been limited by legislature such as and similar to the Patriot Act. Many however argue that such laws are necessary in order to protect the greater good and help decrease the chances for renewed attacks on the United States. Another example of limitation of political expression involves a very recent incident at the Universi ty of Berkeley in California.The City Council sent a letter to the United States Marines recruiting office stating that their recruiters were not welcome in the city or on campus. This was just a letter of statement and it contained no threats or any other suggestions of violence, protests, or demonstrations. In return for this action, which was seen as very anti-patriotic by many politicians and citizens, various pressures were placed upon the city. â€Å"Some lawmakers were threatening to withhold millions of dollars of federal and state funding to the school as retaliation.They claimed that since U. S. Marines are not good enough for Berkeley, then neither were taxpayers’ dollars†¦ After receiving significant heat, the officials decided to recognize the officials’ right to be in Berkeley and clarified their position saying they support US troops — just not the war and the recruitment of young people. (Hill, 2008) The problem that we face here is that a political view of a cities population, as reflected in the council letter, was oppressed through threats of funding elimination.Even though the political view reflected in the letter is not popular and inappropriate, that was barely an exercise of free political speech that was suppressed by threats. The fact that this happened on a college campus, which should facilitate learning through open debate, makes it especially bad as it sends a statement that everybody should be politically in line with the main stream. â€Å"†¦in dealing with college campuses (as the cultivating grounds for those of the future) we should be more understanding when sentiments show up and give them room to thrive if they wish.Suppression, such as financial deprivation, is no way to deal with a situation and absolutely no way to stifle a conflict. † (Hill, 2008). This opens the question about why political expression matters and what is so special about it? Political Expression and Democracy In order to understand the impact of free speech on a democratic society we have to analyze the basics of democracy. â€Å"Freedom of speech and expression, especially about political and other public issues, is the lifeblood of any democracy.Democratic governments do not control the content of most written and verbal speech. Thus democracies are usually filled with many voices expressing different or even contrary ideas and opinions. † (U. S. Department of State, 2008) This statement is a very effective summary in reference to importance of free speech. As a democratic government, our leadership is supposed to lead is in direction that we chose. This choosing of direction is most often done through political debates as we see them on TV.â€Å"Democracy depends upon a literate, knowledgeable citizenry whose access to information enables it to participate as fully as possible in the public life of their society and to criticize unwise or tyrannical government officials or polici es. Citizens and their elected representatives recognize that democracy depends upon the widest possible access to uncensored ideas, data, and opinions†¦ For a free people to govern themselves, they must be free to express themselves — openly, publicly, and repeatedly; in speech and in writing. † (U. S. Department of State, 2008)What we have to understand is the fact that free flow of ideas through speech and other forms of communication is essential for the survival of a democratic government and as such, it cannot be compromised in any way. Free speech creates a pool of ideas that allow us to come to the bottom of every issue at hand by finding the truth. At the same time, we cannot afford to misunderstand this concept. Many people in history have favored freedom of speech, but only the kind of speech that they agreed with. This is why we had to deal with people like Hitler, Stalin, and Saddam.Their view of freedom of speech, especially when it came to politics, was definitely a one-way street. By using them as an example, we need to make sure that we focus on allowing all views to be expressed, regardless whether we agree with them. In my opinion, in this country, we cannot afford to place any limitations on freedom of political speech. Another issue that is directly related to the freedom of speech is freedom of belief. If the government or any other institution attempts to limit our freedom of political expression, then at the same time, they are prohibiting us from having the freedom to believe what we want.The concept is very simple. If we cannot freely express our ideas, then we should not have them in a first place. Many countries across the world had such a system in place. Saddam’s Iraq, Stalin’s Soviet Union and others. The reason these governments were called totalitarian was the fact that their citizens could not freely express their ideas and political views. This proves the fact that freedom of political expressi on is what makes us a strong democracy and that it should not be compromised. Many supporters of limited free speech cite various examples where it was necessary to limit political expression in order to achieve a greater good.One such example is Germany and many argue that by prohibiting political parties and any association with them (Nazi Party) was the right thing after World War II. I fully agree with that. However, when we cannot compare Germany and the United States (at least not back at that time). German people back then did not know the concept of democracy. Ones it was introduced they accepted it and Nazis never resurfaced again. In any case, my point is that in order to help nations such as post world war II Germany reach the right conclusion and adopt democracy some drastic measures may be necessary.However, these measures should never be undertaken on our soil. We have a healthy democracy and any limitations would disturb the balance. Even though it should never be com promised, freedom of speech has some limitations. One of the limitations that is relevant to political expression is the use of fighting words. The fact is that he inflammatory nature of some speeches can cause the listener to direct violence at the speaker or other target groups as defined by the speaker. Additionally, â€Å"fighting words† have become limited to speech directed to one person and not to speech directed generally at a crowd.The idea is that if a speech is going to cause harm to somebody or limit him or her in enjoyment of his or her constitutional rights in any way, then it is prohibited. Another major issue that has come out of this is the fact that many state universities prohibit speeches that are offensive to minorities. Universities have adopted those policies in order to respond to complaints of those who are subjects of hateful speeches. â€Å"That's the wrong response, well-meaning or not. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution protect s speech no matter how offensive its content.Speech codes adopted by government-financed state colleges and universities amount to government censorship, in violation of the Constitution. And the ACLU believes that all campuses should adhere to First Amendment principles because academic freedom is bedrock of education in a free society. † (ACLU, 2008) This is a very important issue that demonstrates how political views, questionable as they are, can be legally expressed everywhere, without government interference. Conclusion Free speech and expression of political ideas are the very basis of a democratic system.As a fundamental feature of a democratic society, freedom of speech as it relates to politics is subject to only few, clearly defined restrictions. I believe that democracy demands that also those who have undemocratic views must be allowed to propagate for their ideas. A democratic state may only interfere with the right to express a political opinion if it can prove that the direct result of their speech would be violence and harm to somebody. Freedom of expression is a prerequisite for democracy and therefore without freedom of expression, there can be no democracy.This is why it continues to be important to facilitate healthy debates on this issue and help people understand why it is important to respect opinion of others, even if it is not in accordance with the mainstream. That is the best way to continue our rich democratic tradition and ensure that future generations can enjoy the same rights as we do. List of References Walker, Melissa. (2002) Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor rev by Evelyn Nakano Glenn. Information retrieved on April 28th, 2008 from Website http://www.h-net. org/reviews/showrev. cgi? path=112431032792905 Gans, Judith. (2005). Citizenship in the Context of Globalization. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy. Information retrieved on April 28th, 2008 from the Center Website ht tp://udallcenter. arizona. edu/programs/immigration/publications/Citizenship%20and%20Globalization. pdf Smith, E. S. (2003). What is The Bill of Rights Information retrieved on April 28, 2008 from Website http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-the-bill-of-rights. htm? Bill of Rights Defense Committee. (2008).Current Treats to Freedom of Speech, Religion, and Assembly. Information retrieved on April 28, 2008 from Website http://www. bordc. org/threats/speech. php Hill, Kimberley. (2008). Threats against the Free Speech? The Campus World Information retrieved on April 28, 2008 from Campus World Website http://www. thecampusword. com/content/view/2264/593/ American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU. (1994) Hate Speech on Campus. Information retrieved on April 28, 2008 from Website http://www. aclu. org/studentsrights/expression/12808pub19941231. html

Software Licensing Over Software Piracy

In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $12. 5 billion to the software industry, with a loss of $2. 2 billion in the United States alone. Estimates show that over 40 percent of U. S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industry's piracy losses occurred outside of the United States borders. The Software Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States was obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate etting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent law and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuant to Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law, and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holder's rights in the secret. The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from state to state, but commonly have the same elements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a court will allow a trade secret to be used by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret independently or if the holder does not take adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States Copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression. The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the Supreme Court determined that a piano roll used in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music because the roll was part of a mechanical evice. Since a computer program is textual, like a book, yet also mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the Copyright Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the user's right to make a single ackup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a tangible form (written somewhere i. e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a court (federal) to stop that person by an injunction and to give you amages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act Public Law 101-650) was approved by Congress in 1990, this Act prohibits the commercial rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. An amendment to Title 18 to the United States Code was passed by Congress in 1992. This amendment. Known as Public Law 102-561 made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement of software. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years, ines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction or distribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retail Under United States law duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for use by different users within an organization, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else – is prohibited. Under this law if anyone is caught with the pirated software, an individual or the individual's company can be tried under both civil and criminal law. A Civil action may be established for injunction, actual damages (which includes the infringer=s profits) or statutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement. The criminal penalties for copyright infringement can result in fines up to $250,000 and a jail term up to five years for the first offense and ten years for a second offense or both. When software is counterfeit or copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the whole software industry feels the effect of piracy. All software developers spend a lot of time and money in developing software for public use. A portion of every dollar spent in purchasing original software is funneled back into research and development of new software. Software piracy can be found in three forms: software counterfeiting, which is he illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program; Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers load unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular dealer; and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet. When software is pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/or upgrade version being very expensive. Federal appellate courts in the U. S. have determined that operating systems, object code and software cotained in ROMs are protected by copyright, and some lower federal courts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set on microprocessor chips), and the look and feel of computer screens is subject to copyright protection. Which leads to the problems of the widespread development of multimedia applications that has brought out major problems in clearing copyright for small elements of text, The United States Government has been an active participant in protecting the rights of the software industry. When the Business Software Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local law enforcement officials participate also. An organization known as the Software Publishers Association (SPA) is the principal trade association of the PC software industry. SPA works closely with the FBI and has also an written enforcement manual for the FBI to help them investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations (audits). With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actions resulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 million The Software Publishers Association (SPA) funds a educational rogram to inform individuals and corporations about software use and the law. This program provides all PC users with the tools needed to comply with copyright law and become software legal. The SPA also publishes brochures free of charge about the legal use of software for individuals and businesses. Also available to help corporations understand the copyright law is a 12-minute videotape, which is composed of the most commonly asked questions and answers to them. The video tape is available in French and Spanish and all together over 35,000 copies of the tape had been sold. SPA has also compiled a free Self-Audit Kit with which organizations can examine their software use practices. Included in the kit, is a software inventory management program designed to help an organization track their commercial software programs that are on all hard disks. The program searches PC hard disks for more than 1300 of the most common programs used in Also available is the SPA Software Management Guide which helps companies audit their current software policies, educate employees about the legal use of software, and establish procedures to purchase, register, upgrade and backup computing systems. The guide in ddition also provides an Internal Controls Analysis and Questionnaire. The guide also contains all of the SPA's current anti-piracy materials. The U. S. software industry is facing the challenges of more sophisticated network environments, greater competition among software companies along with hardware manufacturers. At this moment more software than ever before is distributed on a high volume, mass marketed basis. There are many types of software out on the market and increasing every day. They range from graphical user interfaces for application programs such as mass-market spreadsheets, to more sophisticated technical software sed to design integrated circuits. The use of software plays a more vital role daily in our lives such as embedded software, which is critical to equipment in locations as a doctor=s office or an automotive shop. The instrument and devices found there depend more and more on software, because software provides the flexibility to meet the many different needs to the end user. As our lives our shaped and enhanced more by technology, there is already a greater demand One of the main concerns of the software industry is how to deal with the issues of Asoftware licensing. More and more customers ant customized software suited for their business or personal need, and expect the software development firms to accommodate to their wishes. The other side of this issue is that software development firms are concerned with unrealized revenue and excess costs in the form of software piracy, unauthorized use, excess discounts and lengthened sales cycles. For the customer and the software development firm, both have high administrative costs in regards to software programs. Software licensing policies were originally a result of software developers' need to protect their revenue base in the face of otential piracy. Product delivery for software is made up of a number of different components, which are referred to as ‘software licensing'. The following factors are taken into consideration when determining a cost for a ‘software license'; physical delivery pricing, metric discounts, license periods support and maintenance, license management Tech support, change in use bug fixes and Platform Migration Product enhancements. The most commonly found type of software license found in business is known as a, ‘Network license'. There are four types of categories that are classified as a network Concurrent use licenses authorized a specified number of users to access and execute licensed software at any time. Site licenses authorize use at a single site, but are slowly being phased out and replaced by enterprise licenses. Enterprise licenses cover all sites within a corporation because of more virtual computing environments. Node licenses are also slowly being phased out because they are mainly used in a client/server environment, since the licensed software may be used only on a specified workstation in which a user must log on to in order to access and execute the software application. Currently the rend in a network system is to use measurement software, which allows vendors to be more flexible in licensing arrangements. This management software monitors and restricts the number of users or clients who may access and execute the application software at any one time. This is significant because a user pays only for needed use and a vendor can monitor such use to protect intellectual property. A new type of license that is emerging is known as a, ‘currency-based license'. This type of license work on the basis that it provides to the end user a specified dollar amount of software licenses. For example, licenses or different business application software, so long as the total value in use at a given time is less than dollars. Another type of license emerging is known as a ‘platform-independent' licensing, which one license permits software to be used on a variety of different computer systems within a business, instead of buying a different license for each version of the same software used by different systems. The most common type of licensing is known as ‘Shrink-wrap', the concept behind this that the licenses terms are deemed accepted once the end user breaks a shrink-wrap seal or opens a sealed envelope ontaining the software. A reason for these new types of licensing emerging is that when software licensing was first introduced, the software development firms assumed that most businesses would use the software for a 8 to 10 hour period. Yet, did not take into consideration that with the advancement of technology, more businesses would want a ‘floating license' across the world for 24 hours – thus it was not cost effective for the software development firm. A floating license is a license that is made available to anyone on a network. The licenses are not ‘locked' to particular workstations, nstead they Afloat to modes on the network. Shareware, freeware and public domain are different type of software available to the end user, and are distinguished by different rules about how programs may be distributed, copied, used and modified. The term ‘shareware' refers to software that is distributed at a low cost, but which requires usually a payment after a certain time period and registration for full use. Copies of this software are offered on a trial basis, the end user is free to try a scaled down version of the program. If the end user wants the shareware program, ncluded in the program is information specifying how to register the program and what fee is required. Once registered the end user will typically receive a printed manual, an updated copy of the software (often with additional features), and the legal right to use the program in their home or business. The advantage that shareware has is that it lets the end user thoroughly test a program to see if it=s useful before making a purchase. The authors of shareware programs retain their copyright on the contents, and as other copyrighted Freeware is also distributed at a very low cost and like hareware is found mainly on the Internet. The authors of the freeware program do not expect payment for their software. Typically, freeware programs are small utilities or incomplete programs that are released by authors for the potential benefit to others, but the drawback to this is that there is no technical support. Public domain software is generally found on the Internet and is released without any condition upon its use. It may be copied, modified and distributed as the end user wishes to do. A license manager is a system utility-like application that controls or monitors the use of another end-user pplication. It is generally implemented to protect intellectual property (meaning to stop illegal copying) and/or to become more competitive by offering new ways in which to evaluate, purchase and pay for software. Since the license manager controls the number of application users, there is not a need to control the number of application copies. This process lets the end user run one or more applications between machines, without violating the terms of the SPA has created a program that companies can use to help discover and correct problems before they result in legal actions, fines and also negative publicity.

Free Essays on Six Sigma

Overview of Six Sigma Today ¡Ã‚ ¦s technology improvements are reducing cycle times, increasing productivity, and lowering costs. Consistency and defect-free workmanship are expected, and total quality product plus services is becoming the major, competitive discriminator. In this environment, goals, expectations, and performance must be advanced exponentially; yearly improvements of 5% to 10% are no longer competitive. Overall customer experiences and perceptions have to be thought of in a multiplier context- the product of multiple  ¡Ã‚ §moment of truth ¡Ã‚ ¨. These moments occur in various products life cycle phases  ¡V phases that have different effects and values. Old business models no longer work because globalizations and instant access to information, products and services have change the way customers conduct business. The competitive environment leaves no room for error. We must delight our costumers and relentlessly look for new ways to exceed their expectations. That is why in 1981 Motorola launched an initiative calling for a 5-years, ten times improvement in quality. In 1987 Motorola created its six sigma Quality initiative, with the goal of no more than 3.4 defective parts per million (ppm) across the company. Six sigma is basically a process quality goal by minimizing defects and variation in the outputs of business process by focusing on customer satisfaction. A 4 year 100 X quality improvement goal was set. But in 1988, Motorola Corp. became one of the first companies to receive the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. The award strives to identify those excellent firms that are worthy role models for other businesses. One of Motorola's innovations that attracted a great deal of attention was its Six Sigma program. Motorola then shared its six-sigma approach with other companies. In 1989, Motorola chairman, Bob Galvin asked Mikel Harry to head the six ¡Ã‚ ¦s sigma Research Institute, an organization that received fu... Free Essays on Six Sigma Free Essays on Six Sigma Overview of Six Sigma Today ¡Ã‚ ¦s technology improvements are reducing cycle times, increasing productivity, and lowering costs. Consistency and defect-free workmanship are expected, and total quality product plus services is becoming the major, competitive discriminator. In this environment, goals, expectations, and performance must be advanced exponentially; yearly improvements of 5% to 10% are no longer competitive. Overall customer experiences and perceptions have to be thought of in a multiplier context- the product of multiple  ¡Ã‚ §moment of truth ¡Ã‚ ¨. These moments occur in various products life cycle phases  ¡V phases that have different effects and values. Old business models no longer work because globalizations and instant access to information, products and services have change the way customers conduct business. The competitive environment leaves no room for error. We must delight our costumers and relentlessly look for new ways to exceed their expectations. That is why in 1981 Motorola launched an initiative calling for a 5-years, ten times improvement in quality. In 1987 Motorola created its six sigma Quality initiative, with the goal of no more than 3.4 defective parts per million (ppm) across the company. Six sigma is basically a process quality goal by minimizing defects and variation in the outputs of business process by focusing on customer satisfaction. A 4 year 100 X quality improvement goal was set. But in 1988, Motorola Corp. became one of the first companies to receive the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. The award strives to identify those excellent firms that are worthy role models for other businesses. One of Motorola's innovations that attracted a great deal of attention was its Six Sigma program. Motorola then shared its six-sigma approach with other companies. In 1989, Motorola chairman, Bob Galvin asked Mikel Harry to head the six ¡Ã‚ ¦s sigma Research Institute, an organization that received fu...

Names of World Cities in Spanish

Names of World Cities in Spanish Its obvious why the American city of Philadelphia is spelled Filadelfia in Spanish: the spelling change helps make certain that the citys name is pronounced correctly. Less obvious is why the British capital of London is Londres to Spaniards or, for that matter, why Americans think of the German city of Mà ¼nchen as Munich. In any case, numerous major and noteworthy cities worldwide are known by different names in Spanish than in English. With the Spanish names in boldface, here are some of the most common ones: Addis Ababa - Addis AbebaAdelaide - AdelaidaAlexandria - Alejandrà ­aAlgiers - ArgelAthens - AtenasBaghdad - BagdadBeijing - Pekà ­nBelgrade - BelgradoBerlin - Berlà ­nBerne - BernaBethlehem - Belà ©nBogota - BogotBucharest - BucarestCairo - El CairoCalcutta - CalcutaCape Town - Ciudad del CaboCopenhagen - CopenhagueDamascus - DamascoDublin - Dublà ­nGeneva - GinebraHavana - La HabanaIstanbul - EstambulJakarta - DjakartaJerusalem - Jerusalà ©nJohannesburg - JohanesburgoLisbon - LisboaLondon - LondresLos Angeles - Los ngelesLuxembourg - LuxemburgoMecca - La MecaMoscow - Moscà ºNew Delhi - Nueva DelhiNew Orleans - Nueva OrleansNew York - Nueva YorkParis - Parà ­sPhiladelphia - FiladelfiaPittsburgh - PittsburgoPrague - PragaReykjavik - ReikiavikRoma - RomaSeoul - Seà ºlStockholm - EstocolmoThe Hague - La HayaTokyo - TokioTunis - Tà ºnezVienna - VienaWarsaw - Varsovia This list shouldnt be viewed as inclusive. Not included are cities that use City in their English names, such as Panama City and Mexico City, which are usually referred to as Panam and Mà ©xico in their respective countries. Note also that practices vary among Spanish writers in placing accented vowels within foreign names. For example, the U.S. capital is sometimes written as Wshington, but the unaccented version is more common. Spellings in this list are those that appear to be the most commonly used. However, some publications may use alternate spellings of some names.

Where the female convicts worse that the male convicts Essay

Where the female convicts worse that the male convicts - Essay Example Other historians emphasize that the events that took part in Australia at that particular point in time cannot be forgotten not in the decades to come since the suffering that the Australian women went through is almost unheard of. This work shall aim at conducting an intense research on the sufferings that women went through in the era of colonization; thereafter comparing it with that of men, and taking a stand that the women actually went through immense suffering. In the research conducted by Association of Industrial Relations Academics of Australia and New Zealand Conference, Association of Industrial Relations Academics of Australia and New Zealand (2001) the period of colonization in Australia saw the breeding of slaves in the form of women, as compared to wives, as nature depicts. Additionally, a huge percentage of women at that time were reduced to prostitutes especially in the first fifty years of colonization. In specific dates, the period between 1788–1840 marked women as mere prostitutes to the colonizers (Daniels, 1998; Robson, 1993). This was based on the fact that all women that had been transported to Britain were mere slaves and objects of the colonizers. In light to this argument, therefore, the colonizers justified themselves as having the full right and obligation to do what they wanted with the women of that particular period of time. Under the punitive colony of the time, the white women were categorized as convicts of the time; as well as the social stratification of the time subjected the women to such tough circumstances. In fact, the concept of women being slaves and objects of the time became a stereotype. The same was applied to a great percentage of women who were transported to the colony at that particular time. With this change of status of women being free beings to objects, the extent of suffering on them under the punitive colony can simply not be interpreted in words, but in the feeling one gets as they browse throug h the films and works of historians of the time. In the research conducted by Barker and Chalus (2005), the convicts that were transported to Australia comprised 11% of women. The women have been indicated to perform numerous jobs like needlework, worked as maids for the masters, servants amongst other factors. The conditions in which these women worked were not appealing at all. Having been conversant with these skills, the women were expected to work at odd hours of the day and night so as to always please the colonial masters. Worse still, the women were expected to adapt to the environmental conditions in their new homes, no matter how difficult it was for majority of the women. In contrast to 89% of the men who arrived in Australia, the 11% cannot be ignored especially being the women subjected to hard labor and torture (Damousi, 1997). Generally, the women were simply stacked together like boxes and regarded as whores who were useless. The term being stamped and repeated in th e history of Australia means that the extent of torture and degradation of the women was indeed not to be ignored. By 1841, studies indicate that the number of female convicts stood at over three thousand as compared to that of twenty eight thousand. In comparison to the 188 convict females in 1788, and 529 males, it is evident that the number of women convicts increased as much as that of the men (Daniels, 1998). The women are indicated to suffer twice as much as that of the men, with the demand for their services augmenting. In the colonies, there existed factories run by women. This is yet evidence that explains women